HPV and Oropharyngeal Cancer: Expert Insights in Chennai
Need expert consultation? Book an appointment with Dr. Vidhyadharan at THANC Hospital.
Book AppointmentHPV and oropharyngeal cancer have a strong and increasingly recognized connection. Understanding this relationship is crucial for prevention, early detection, and effective treatment. This blog post, authored by Dr. Vidhyadharan Sivakumar, Clinical Director & Senior Consultant at THANC Hospital in Chennai, aims to provide comprehensive information about HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer, its diagnosis, treatment options, and the expertise available in Chennai.
Understanding the Link Between HPV and Oropharyngeal Cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of more than 200 related viruses, some of which can cause cancer. While HPV is primarily known for causing cervical cancer, it's also a significant risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer, which affects the back of the throat, base of the tongue, and tonsils.
The prevalence of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer has been increasing in recent decades, particularly in developed countries. This rise is attributed to changes in sexual behavior and increased awareness of the link between HPV and this type of cancer. In fact, in some regions, HPV is now responsible for a larger proportion of oropharyngeal cancers than tobacco and alcohol.
Why HPV Causes Cancer
HPV infects cells in the lining of the oropharynx. In most cases, the body clears the infection naturally. However, in some individuals, the virus persists and can cause changes in the cells that lead to cancer development. Certain high-risk HPV types, particularly HPV-16, are strongly associated with oropharyngeal cancer.
Risk Factors for HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer
While HPV infection is the primary risk factor, other factors can increase the likelihood of developing HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer:
- Sexual behavior: Oral sex, multiple partners, and early age of sexual debut are associated with increased risk.
- Smoking and alcohol: While less significant than for HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer, tobacco and alcohol use can still increase risk.
- Weakened immune system: Individuals with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to persistent HPV infections.
Recognizing the Symptoms of Oropharyngeal Cancer
Early detection is critical for successful treatment of oropharyngeal cancer. Being aware of the symptoms and seeking prompt medical attention can significantly improve outcomes.
Common symptoms of oropharyngeal cancer include:
- Persistent sore throat: A sore throat that doesn't go away with typical remedies.
- Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia): A sensation of food getting stuck in the throat.
- Ear pain: Pain in one ear that doesn't have an obvious cause.
- Lump in the neck: A painless or tender lump that persists for several weeks.
- Hoarseness: A change in voice quality.
- Unexplained weight loss: Significant weight loss without dieting.
It's important to note that these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions. However, if you experience any of these symptoms for more than a few weeks, it's essential to consult a doctor for evaluation. In my practice, I always emphasize the importance of a thorough examination to rule out any serious underlying conditions.
Diagnosing HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer
Diagnosing oropharyngeal cancer involves a comprehensive evaluation, including a physical examination, imaging tests, and a biopsy.
Physical Examination
The doctor will perform a thorough examination of the head and neck, looking for any abnormalities, such as lumps, sores, or swelling.
Imaging Tests
Imaging tests, such as CT scans, MRI scans, and PET/CT scans, help to determine the size and location of the tumor and whether it has spread to other parts of the body.
Biopsy
A biopsy involves taking a small tissue sample from the suspicious area and examining it under a microscope. This is the only way to definitively diagnose oropharyngeal cancer. HPV testing is performed on the biopsy sample to determine if the cancer is HPV-related.
Staging
Once a diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancer is confirmed, the cancer is staged. Staging is a process that determines the extent of the cancer and helps to guide treatment decisions. The stage of the cancer is based on the size of the tumor, whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes, and whether it has spread to distant parts of the body.
Treatment Options for HPV-Positive Oropharyngeal Cancer
Treatment for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The specific treatment plan depends on the stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and other factors.
Surgery
Surgery may be used to remove the tumor and any affected lymph nodes in the neck. Minimally invasive surgical techniques, such as Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS), are increasingly being used to treat oropharyngeal cancer.
Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS): TORS is a minimally invasive surgical approach that uses a robotic system to remove tumors through the mouth. This technique offers several advantages over traditional open surgery, including:
- Smaller incisions
- Less pain
- Shorter hospital stay
- Faster recovery
- Improved cosmetic outcomes
I have extensive experience in performing TORS for oropharyngeal cancer and was privileged to perform India's First TORS-assisted Total Laryngectomy in 2022.
Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells. It may be used alone or in combination with surgery and chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be used alone or in combination with surgery and radiation therapy.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that helps the body's immune system fight cancer. It may be used in patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer.
Treatment Outcomes
The prognosis for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer is generally better than for HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer. Patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer tend to respond better to treatment and have higher survival rates. Studies have shown that patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer have a 5-year survival rate of 80-90%, compared to 50-60% for patients with HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer. (Source: NCCN Guidelines)
If you're experiencing symptoms such as a persistent sore throat or difficulty swallowing, early consultation is crucial. Book an appointment with Dr. Vidhyadharan at THANC Hospital, Chennai, for expert evaluation and personalized treatment options.
The Role of THANC Hospital in Chennai
THANC Hospital (The Head and Neck Centre & Hospital) in Chennai is a leading center for the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancers, including HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer. The hospital offers a comprehensive range of services, including:
- Advanced diagnostic imaging
- Minimally invasive surgical techniques, such as TORS
- Radiation therapy
- Chemotherapy
- Rehabilitation services
- Voice and swallowing therapy
Dr. Vidhyadharan Sivakumar, Clinical Director & Senior Consultant at THANC Hospital, is an internationally recognized Head & Neck Surgical Oncologist with extensive experience in treating HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer. He is a pioneer in Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS) and is committed to providing patients with the most advanced and effective treatment options available. My team and I are dedicated to providing compassionate, patient-centered care.
Prevention Strategies for HPV-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer
While treatment options are available, prevention is always the best approach. Several strategies can help reduce the risk of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer:
- HPV vaccination: The HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing HPV infection and can significantly reduce the risk of HPV-related cancers, including oropharyngeal cancer. The vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls, ideally before they become sexually active.
- Safe sex practices: Using condoms during oral sex can reduce the risk of HPV transmission.
- Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: While less directly linked than with other head and neck cancers, these habits can still increase the risk.
- Regular dental checkups: Dentists can often detect early signs of oropharyngeal cancer during routine checkups.
Living with and After Oropharyngeal Cancer
Life after oropharyngeal cancer treatment can present unique challenges. Patients may experience long-term side effects, such as difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and speech changes. Rehabilitation services, such as speech therapy and swallowing therapy, can help patients manage these side effects and improve their quality of life.
Support groups and counseling can also provide emotional support and guidance for patients and their families.
Conclusion
HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer is a growing concern, but with increased awareness, early detection, and effective treatment, patients can achieve positive outcomes. Dr. Vidhyadharan Sivakumar and the team at THANC Hospital in Chennai are dedicated to providing comprehensive, patient-centered care for individuals with HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer.
For personalized treatment options and expert care, consult Dr. Vidhyadharan Sivakumar at THANC Hospital. Call +91 44 4074 2000 or request an appointment online. Have questions about your condition? Schedule a consultation with Dr. Vidhyadharan, one of India's leading head and neck surgeons.
References
- Chaturvedi AK, et al. "Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States." Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2011.
- Gillison ML, et al. "Prevalence of oral HPV infection in the United States, 2009-2010." JAMA, 2012.
- National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). "Head and Neck Cancers." NCCN Guidelines, 2024. https://www.nccn.org/guidelines/category_1
- World Health Organization (WHO). "Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer." 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-and-cervical-cancer
- O'Sullivan B, et al. "HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: current treatment paradigms and future directions." Lancet Oncology, 2016.
- Ang KK, et al. "Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma." New England Journal of Medicine, 2010.
- Marur S, et al. "HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer: a separate disease entity." Seminars in Radiation Oncology, 2015.
Written by
Dr. Vidhyadharan Sivakumar
MS, DNB, MRCS (Ed), MCh (Surgical Oncology)
Clinical Director & Senior Consultant at THANC Hospital, Chennai. India's pioneer in Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS) with 15+ years of experience in complex head & neck cancer treatment.
